Special+Timelines

U.S. Government - Native American Relations
Removal
 * Trail of Tears 1831-38: Removal of the 5 civilized tribes (Cherokee, Chocctaw, Chicasaw, Creek and Seminole) Led by President Jackson under the 1830 Indian Removals Act and moved the autonomous tribes living throughout the South to an assigned Indian territory (now Oklahoma)
 * Led to a split in the Cherokee nation, the treaty party who signed the treaty to be removed under Stand Watie sided with the Confederacy, and the anti-treaty party under John Ross sides with Union.

Civil War
 * 10,000 Natives fought for both the Confederacy and the Union. Much incentive for Indians to fight, 1863 their wages increased.
 * Tribes for Union- Iroquis, Cherokee, Creeks, Seminole. For Confederates- Choctaw, Chicasaw
 * Land taken away from tribes whilst they were involved in the fight
 * Indian Officer for Union Army- Ely S. Parker, served as an aid for Grant and a general in the war. Wrote the Confederacy's final surrender terms at the Appomattox. Later Grant appointed him Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and was the first Native to do this, with the next coming only in the 1960s.
 * Indian officer for Confederate Army- Stand Watie. Leader of Cherokee nation but after the 1838 Trail of Tears he divided with the nation as a member of the Treaty Party who were willingly removed.Became a brigadier general during the Civil War and had his own regiment of Cherokee's to fight for him.
 * Many Indians actually on the side of the Confederacy because their land is surrounded by Confederate states and they had invested a lot of their tribes money in the South. Many members of the 5 Civilized tribes actually owned slaves themselves and wanted to protect the institution of slavery and their lifestyle.
 * Battles in Indian Land: Battle of Pea Ridge (1862) and Battle of Honey Springs (1863) Estimated that in 1865 there were 40,000 Indian refugees from the Indian territory as a result of war. Between 6-10,000 Indians die during Civil War.

Post-War Government Treaties
 * Andrew Johnson forces Indians to sign treaties giving up 55% of Indian land in the West, mainly Cherokee land, to be assigned to the Plains tribes who they wished to remove there as well as to ensure they can build railroads throughout their land.
 * 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie gaving the Black Hills in Wyoming back to the Lakota and Sioux tribes and ending Red Cloud's War.
 * From 1871 Federal Govt in favour of assimilating Indian tribes, turning tribalism into individualism and forcing Indians in to reservations and children into BIA boarding schools. Major Crimes Act meant Indians no longer had jurisdiction over crimes on their own lands, and meant indian offenders had to go to White courts. Tribal religions were named illegal and Indians weren't allowed to leave reservations without permission. Led to outright Native resistance.
 * 1871 however marked an end of the treaty period between the US and the Indians who became 'wards' of the US and were not entitled to citizenship. They were not granted this right until 1924.
 * 1887 Dawes Act: 'checkerboarding' of Native land. Divided land in Indian territory giving each individual family 160 acres, held in trust by the govt for 25 years, upon completion the Indian may become a US citizen. Made land less profitable and harder to labour. The remainder of the land not given to Indians was held by govt for homesteaders and Indians lost 2/3 of their land.

Constitutional Amendments
__The Thirteenth Amendment__

Passed by the Senate in April 1864, passed by the House of Representatives in January 1865, ratified and adopted in December 1865.

Full Text: "**Section 1.** Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime where of the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
 * Section 2.** Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation."

The Amendment provoked a mixed response. Some hailed it as the final triumph of the abolitionist movement, settling the issue of slavery. Prominent abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison went as far as proposing the dissolution of the American Anti-Slavery Society in triumph. Others, however, were not so sanguine and saw the Amendment not as an end but rather the beginning of a new struggle for the rights of African-Americans. The Amendment outlaws slavery, guaranteeing nothing else about freed slaves’ role in society after emancipation. Whilst ensuring their freedom from slavery, it opened the question of the //meaning// of freedom. Section 2 does allow for government activism. Was the federal government to go further in aiding the freed people? If so, how far? This proved to be a dominant concern throughout Reconstruction. Moderate Republicans initially favoured only the protection of black equality before the law, whilst others including Radical Republicans and black leaders pressed for black suffrage and land redistribution. There was a tension between on the one hand, shouldering federal responsibility for the emancipated slaves, and on the other, allowing freedpeople to assert their own independence. The Thirteenth Amendment alone did not address these crucial issues. 14th 15th

The Ku Klux Klan
1866 - Established

Redemption of Southern States
1877 - South Carolina (last state under Republican rule in South to fall)

Rise and Fall of Freedmen's Bureau
March 1865 - Established February 1866 - Extension vetoed by Johnson 1872 - Last functions expire